Socialism is the control by society, organized with all its parts, both
of the means of production and communication and the various task forces
applied in the mismas.1 2 socialism implies, therefore, planning and conscious
collective organization of social life and subsist however económica.3 criteria
found on the need for centralization of economic management by the State as the
only collective body within the framework of a complex society, May 4 against
the possibility of different forms of decentralized management of the socialist
community, both self-managed market roads as well as by the use of small
socialist economic units isolated and autosuficientes.6 7 There are also
disagreements on how organizational policy under socialism to achieve or secure
Access democratic socialist society classes or populations, 8 against the possibility
of an autocratic state by bureaucracies administrativas.9
The historical forms of social organization of socialist type can be divided
into certain spontaneous evolution of certain civilizations of religious and
political structures established by deliberate ideological projects. Of these
highlights, respectively Inca10 Empire and the Soviet Union.
Index
1 Concept
1.1 Origin of the word
socialism
1.2 Socialism and workers'
movement
Socialism and communism 1.3
1.4 Socialism as a political
movement
1.5 Lead-in context
1.6 An ideology, a group of
ideologies
2 History
2.1 The influence of the
Enlightenment and utopian socialism
2.2 Discussions between
classical socialist
2.3 Socialism in the Twentieth
Century
3 See also
3.1 Concepts related
3.2 Marxist Socialism
3.3 non-Marxist Socialism
4 References
5 External links
Concept
Origin of the word socialism
Apparently the word socialism was first used by the monk Fernando Facchinei in
1766 to refer to the doctrine of defending the social contract as the basis for
the organization of human societies. Twenty years later, another Italian
author, Appiano Buanafede, re-use. However, the word socialism, in the modern
sense, did not appear until 1830 in Britain and France, almost simultaneously,
to designate the ideas of the followers of Robert Owen and Henri de
Saint-Simon. The first precise use of the neologism is often attributed to
French Saint-Simonian Pierre Lerroux who in the October to December 1833
encyclopédique Revue published an article entitled From individualism and
socialism, although he criticized both doctrines consider the outcome of the
exaggeration of the idea of freedom, the first, and the idea of
partnership, the second. However, in a note appended to article reprint years
later he wrote: 11
For several years, we have become accustomed to call
socialist all thinkers concerned with social reform, to all those who criticize
and disapprove individualism ... and here myself, I've always fought the
absolute socialism, I am appointed today as a socialist. [...] I am definitely
socialist, if you want to understand socialist doctrine that does not sacrifice
any of the terms of the formula Liberty, Fraternity, Equality, Unity, it all
combines.
Between August 1836 and April 1838 Louis Reybaud published in the Revue des
deux mondes three studies under the title of Socialists modern dedicated to
Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier and Robert Owen, and in confirming that the term
socialism, in its sense modern, had come to 1830.11
As highlighted by Jean-Paul Thomas, all "new word, responds to new
realities. The social doctrines do not arise by chance in the early nineteenth
century. They have the immediate origin the industrial revolution and misery
that accompanies it ... opposed to the selfish pursuit of profit vision of a
community of producers linked to each other by a fraternal solidarity ".
According to him the roots of socialism lie in the egalitarian proposals
"radical" groups of the French Revolution, such as the enragé Jacques
Roux wrote in 1793, denouncing grabs livelihood assets "products earth as
the elements belong to all men. Trade and property rights can not be to make
die of misery and inaction our fellow "11
Socialism and labor movement
In a socialist system, the (collective) social ownership of the means of
production set, eliminating any form of private ownership of capital goods and
with this, capitalism as a form of appropriation of wage labor, a form of
exploitation through economic. Due to intellectual heyday of Marxism among
social reform projects, the communist ideology influenced almost all future
socialist movements. Since then the Socialists pensandores began to consider the
socialization of the economy as a vital interest to the industrial proletariat
and while historically necessary corollary of the seizure of political power by
that class result. Synthesized from the ideas and writings of various groups
and thinkers who sought to illuminate a different system in terms of justice,
socialism received a boost different from the Marxist theory of socialism
emerges from all moral and political idealism, and founded as a need for the
development of this technology period, which is the only thing that could make
it realizable (non-utopian) according to the doctrine of historical
materialism. Within the historical sequence of modes outlined by Friedrich
Engels, production Capitalism is the last class society and socialism the first
step to extinction: classes are considered generated by the different
connecting social origins of income, and the proletariat as the first working
class without acquiring privately own way, thus able to survive a socialization
of production and finally to its own demise as a class in a communist phase,
thus giving by overcoming the class struggle as the engine of progress
histórico.12
Socialism and communism
Unlike what happens with the concept of "communism" (a term whose use
dates back to Plato), in which the contribution to the joint production is free
and unplanned while consumption is lived in common, 13 the word "
socialism "(which first appeared in 1834 under the auspices of Robert
Owen) describes the collective organization of production and distribution in
both consumption remains particular.14 In the nineteenth century in the process
of mass proletarianization by the rise of capitalism industrial socialist idea
evolved as a concept and ideology of political economy proposing a social,
economic and political system based on the conscious organization (planned)
production according to a preset purposes contribution to the general good:
would the so-called socialist movement ( in some movement for the reform of
labor) locations.
The communist movement, which had emerged collectivists of the French
Revolution as remnants movements (see communism of Babeuf and the Conspiracy of
Equals) and was no longer a changing social activism during different
historical periods to become political activism, becomes in party and ideology
with the introduction by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels ideas of socialist
doctrine, adopting a solid doctrinal body lacking. Thanks to Marxism socialist
and communist ideas emerge from idealism and are unified into a single ideological
movement called Communism. Thus collectivist socialist and communist ideas are
absorbed and reformulated within a single revolutionary doctrine which in
principle would use both terms interchangeably for social project (represented
by a political party that usually bear the name of their movement:
"Communist" but sometimes also the "Socialist" or
"Social"). Three historical Marxism conceived to achieve and develop
socialism / communism stages: a period of transition from capitalism, the first
phase of subsistence and a higher stage of abundance. With the emergence of
Marxism-Leninism these three steps would be reworked conceptually, extending
the dictatorship of the proletariat in the transition to the first phase, and
terminologically: socialist word would be reserved to describe the first phase
of communism, excluding it from the upper phase, so since these phases would be
understood as two qualitatively different stages: socialist (or communist
development) and Communist (strictly).
Socialism as a political movement
By extension is defined as socialist to any doctrine or movement that advocates
for its implementation. Frequently coexist different political movements that
adopt the title of Socialism: from those with vague ideas of the common good
and social equality, even reformist projects progressive construction of a
socialist state in Marxist terms, or pre- and post-Marxist variants socialism
(whether obreristas or nationalist), or interventionism, definitions of
socialism or its methods can vary dramatically depending on the variations
political actors and sometimes distance themselves to a greater or lesser
extent from its etymology: statist, nationalist, Marxist, cooperative , classic
corporatist unions, state or corporatist fascist, socialist income, market
socialists, mutual, modern social democrats, etc.
Socialism remains a strong term political impact, which remains linked to the
establishment of a socio-economic order constructed by, for, or in relation to
an originally organized working class without a proper economic order, and
which must create a public one (via the state or not), either through
revolution or social evolution through institutional reforms with the aim of
building a stratified society without classes or subordinate to each other;
latter notion was not originally socialist and communist ideology but whose
association is indebted of Marxism-Leninism. The radical socialist thinking not
about the methods to achieve but rather to principles pursued both.
Lead-in context
In practice the de facto meaning of socialism has been changing over time. Many
socialists called historically resulted in seeking to establish an organized
bottom-up workers' state. Other meanwhile continued to reject the path of
democratic expression in which political models of action of the people put
their trust models to make way for far-left and derivatives thereof such as
feeling communism.
The ideology that often today relates to the system of socialism is an
interaction of the nationalization of all economic resource and the
implementation of a communist government. On the other hand, much of
contemporary political movements traslucen same ideology with abstract hybrid
political vision which have called social democrat, a term that refers to
project the disparity of economic differences between people in order to
distribute all wealth accumulated by individuals and government from all parts
of arbitrary and limited way. In this model the high class people are required
to pay higher average taxes, so that gradually decrease the wealth of the same
and wealth reaches the hands of the ruling force and this decides to distribute
wealth in its discretion. Which is why today most of "socialism" and
this word is identified with the Social Democrats and Communists postulates,
even by currents usually associated with parallel those adopted by the Soviet
Union movements, why socialist movements confront ideological dilemmas.
An ideology, a set of ideologies
There are differences between socialist groups, although almost everyone agrees
that they are united by a common history that has its roots in the nineteenth
and twentieth century, between the struggles of industrial workers and farmers,
operating according to principles of solidarity and dedication to an
egalitarian society with an economy that can, from their point of view, serve
the broad population rather than the few.
According to Marxist writers (most notably Friedrich Engels), models and
socialist ideas would be traceable on the principles of social history, being a
characteristic of human nature and social models.
In the Marxist-Leninist socialism is regarded as the pre-communism, why the
revolutionary processes experienced by the Soviet Union, Cuba and China are
related to this doctrine, since, in the case of the Soviet Union never was
reached communism, and in the case of Cuba still seek to achieve this
objective.
History
The influence of the Enlightenment and utopian socialism
England was one of the two cradles of "utopian" socialism. There are
two major causes leading English utopian socialism its peculiar character: the
industrial revolution, with its attendant miseries to the rising proletariat,
and the development of a new branch of science: political economy, concept
associated with the domain search holder of political science.
In France took a more philosophical than in England character. Its first
representative was the Count Henri de Saint-Simon, Engels considered by the
creator of the idea in embryo that would be used by all posteriores.15
Socialists proposed the Federation of European States, as a political tool to
control the onset and development of wars. At the same time Charles Fourier,
conceived phalanxes (human communities governed by rules of free will and
socialized economic ideologies).
Discussions between classical socialist
Mikhail Bakunin, political ideologue, defender of individual and collective
independence.
"Scientific socialism": Shortly after the Communist Marxist theory
from a critical theory of communism, develops a policy proposal appears. Karl
Marx posited in one of his works differentiation between "market
value" and "exchange value" of goods and definition of goodwill,
and these are his greatest contributions to political economy; However, modern
economists do not use these concepts in the same way as do the followers of the
Marxist school of economic thought, arguing that the theory expounded by Marx
does not consider the total interaction of economics and is biased by
communism. Among the Socialists there was a very early division between
Marxists and anarchists who were the closest to Marxist ideology essence.
Marxism as a theory received much criticism, some form for many decades the
ideological basis of most socialist parties. Later, following the Russian
Revolution and interpretations that gave Lenin, Leninism became the focus of
admiration of communist parties, grouped under the Third International.
Marxist theory is built together with anarchism. Anarchism could enroll in the
early concepts of socialism, which as perfect looking people decide about their
lives freely and independently; the abolition of the state and all authority;
exalting the individual
The goal of socialism is to build a society based on equality, economic equity,
personal initiative, moral cooperation of an individual, eliminating stress
compensation stratified by promoting political and economic distribution
structures such as social insurance.
Friedrich Engels, German socialist philosopher.
Socialism in the Twentieth Century
Socialism reached its political heyday in the late twentieth century in the
Communist bloc in Europe, the Soviet Union, Communist states of Asia and the
Caribbean.
During the second half of the twentieth century was of great importance to the
so-called socialist bloc, the Soviet Union liberate the occupied countries of
the Third Reich on the Eastern Front during World War II, because these same
later adopted systems of socialist government that did the socialist camp
reached a broad domain.
Performance Indicators outside the socialist model during the twentieth century
political models are, for example, major advances in technology and the
promotion of scientific development, such as in space programs or advances in
military technology.
After World War II, the military-ideological tension between the socialist bloc
headed by the Soviet Union and the capitalist, led by the United States, led to
a political confrontation that became known as the Cold War. He knew it was
unofficially and competition for superiority in all aspects and achieve full
(but not direct) domain as many countries. It culminated in the political
dissolution of the USSR, following a crisis aggravated by the economic and
political situation and strong external pressures, accompanied by a severe
downturn in the other socialist states, mainly European, own implications of
establishing socialist models and extended Communists.
See also
Related concepts
Socialist State
Political left
Social justice
Common good
Altruism
Holism
Collectivism
Egalitarianism
Communitarianism
Planned economy
Mixed Economy
Nationalization
Statism
Dirigisme
Interventionism
Social revolution
Socialist revolution
Income distribution
Keynesianism
Welfare state
Labor law
Social rights
Labor movement
Syndicalism
Workers' council
Workers' control
Popular Assembly
Anticapitalism
Anti-Imperialism
Marxist socialism
Communism
Scientific socialism
Marxism
Marxism-Leninism
Class struggle
Dictatorship of the proletariat
Socialization
Stalinism
Trotskyism
Guevarismo
Maoism
Socialism with Chinese characteristics
Socialism of the XXI century
Liberation Theology
Eurocomunismo
Revisionism
Anti-Revisionism
Self-managed socialism
Socialism with a human face
Communism left
Council communism
Frankfurt School
Non-Marxist socialism
Pre-Marxist socialism
Utopian Socialism
Phalanstery
Paris Commune
Utopia
Sun City
Primitive communism
Lycurgus of Sparta
Oriental despotism
Bismarckian socialism
Otto von Bismarck
State Socialism
State social
Kathedersozialismus
Adolph Wagner
Friedrich List
Ferdinand Lasalle
Christian Socialism
Social Doctrine of the Church
Social issue
Christian Socialism
Distributism
Karl Polanyi
Social Democracy
Social Democracy
Democratic socialism
Fabian Society
Labor
Socialist International
Third Way
Social liberalism
Keynesianism
Third World Socialism
Nasserism
Jawaharlal Nehru
Kwame Nkrumah
Julius Nyerere
Arab socialism
Baath Party
National Liberation Front (Algeria)
Muammar Gaddafi
Third International Theory
Sukarno
Pancasila
Sun Yatsen
Three Principles of the People
Third World
Non-Aligned Movement
Latin American populism
Latin American populism
Justicialismo
Juan Domingo Perón
Getúlio Vargas
Juan Velasco Alvarado
APRA
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Lázaro Cárdenas del Río
Revolution of 1944 in Guatemala
Jacobo Arbenz, Juan José Arévalo
1952 revolution in Bolivia
David Toro, Germán Busch, Gualberto Villarroel
Noise Sables (Chile)
Carlos Ibáñez del Campo
Jorge Gaitan
Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
José María Velasco Ibarra
National Left
Chavez
Socialist anarchism
Socialist anarchism
Libertarian socialism
Anarcho-Communism
Anarcho-syndicalism
Collectivist anarchism
Mutualism
